Advanced Mathematical Functions

Summation & Cumulative Sum

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# Summation of elements
import numpy as np
 
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
print("Sum of elements:", np.sum(arr)) # 10
 
# Cumulative sum
print("Cumulative sum:", np.cumsum(arr)) # [1 3 6 10]

Finding Unique Elements & Counting Occurrences

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arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4])
 
# Finding unique elements and counting occurrences
unique_elements, counts = np.unique(arr, return_counts=True)
print("Unique elements:", unique_elements)
print("Counts:", counts)

Sorting an Array

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arr = np.array([3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9])
 
# Sorting the array
print("Sorted array:", np.sort(arr))
 
# Indices of sorted elements
print("Indices of sorted elements:", np.argsort(arr))

Finding Percentiles & Quantiles

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data = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40, 50])
 
# Calculating percentiles
print("25th percentile:", np.percentile(data, 25))
print("50th percentile (median):", np.percentile(data, 50))
print("75th percentile:", np.percentile(data, 75))